Of Ice & Snow Mac OS

Of Ice & Snow Mac OS

Sure, watching ice freeze sounds about as fun as watching paint dry. But that's just because you haven't tried making ice with some of the most powerful lasers in the world.
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By firing the most powerful x-ray laser in the world (the Linac Coherent Light Source) at a vial of water, and taking the equivalent of high-speed camera images with pulses from another powerful laser, researchers were able to view the water lining up molecule by molecule into a phase of ice known as ice VII—a form normally not found on Earth.
Their results were published this week in Physical Review Letters.
An ice shelf is a thick plate of ice that extends out over the surface of the ocean, and is connected to an ice sheet (land ice) at the shoreline. Because an ice shelf is already floating, its disintegration doesn't immediately make sea levels rise. But an intact ice shelf pushes back against the ice sheet or glacier behind it on the land. Contact Field Offices. ERO is committed to a transparent process and to resolving your concerns as promptly as possible. For this reason, concerns or questions regarding ICE practices, policies and/or programs should first be directed to the local field liaison.
'There have been a tremendous number of studies on ice because everyone wants to understand its behavior,' study author Wendy Mao, said in a statement. 'What our new study demonstrates, and which hasn't been done before, is the ability to see the ice structure form in real time.'

In this case, real time means just six nanoseconds. That's a fast freeze.
Other scientists created Ice VII in the lab before, but hadn't successfully captured the freezing process. It turns out that this phase of ice—more commonly associated with planetary collisions in space—starts forming as tiny rod-like needles before freezing solid. Previous research indicated that the ice might first freeze into spheres instead. The new findings give us insight into all the weird ways that water can freeze, and are particularly exciting because while ice VII doesn't exist on Earth in nature, planetary geologists do think that it exists on Europa and other exoplanets.
Ice on Earth, from the rocks in your whisky to the Greenland ice sheet, all freezes into the same phase: your typical, run-of the mill ice Ih (pronounced one h). The ‘h' refers to the hexagonal shape that oxygen atoms line up in when transforming from a liquid or gas into solid ice.
But the hexagon is far from the only shape that water molecules can congregate in. All told, there are about 17 different crystalline phases that water can assume, given the right temperatures and pressures. (An 18th might exist in a weird, square form.) Earthly temperatures and pressures don't vary by that much, compared to the vast and incomprehensible universe as a whole, so ice Ih is the only thing that shows up on our world.
But in other places and situations, where temperatures are higher and pressures lower than Earth (or vice versa), liquid water, water vapor, and ice might be stable at completely different points. Scientists conceptualize this using a phase diagram, which literally maps out the conditions under which a substance would be liquid, gaseous, or solid.

In this case, real time means just six nanoseconds. That's a fast freeze.
Other scientists created Ice VII in the lab before, but hadn't successfully captured the freezing process. It turns out that this phase of ice—more commonly associated with planetary collisions in space—starts forming as tiny rod-like needles before freezing solid. Previous research indicated that the ice might first freeze into spheres instead. The new findings give us insight into all the weird ways that water can freeze, and are particularly exciting because while ice VII doesn't exist on Earth in nature, planetary geologists do think that it exists on Europa and other exoplanets.
Ice on Earth, from the rocks in your whisky to the Greenland ice sheet, all freezes into the same phase: your typical, run-of the mill ice Ih (pronounced one h). The ‘h' refers to the hexagonal shape that oxygen atoms line up in when transforming from a liquid or gas into solid ice.
But the hexagon is far from the only shape that water molecules can congregate in. All told, there are about 17 different crystalline phases that water can assume, given the right temperatures and pressures. (An 18th might exist in a weird, square form.) Earthly temperatures and pressures don't vary by that much, compared to the vast and incomprehensible universe as a whole, so ice Ih is the only thing that shows up on our world.
But in other places and situations, where temperatures are higher and pressures lower than Earth (or vice versa), liquid water, water vapor, and ice might be stable at completely different points. Scientists conceptualize this using a phase diagram, which literally maps out the conditions under which a substance would be liquid, gaseous, or solid.
There are a number of distinct ways that the molecular components of water can line up into a solid, which is why the compound's phase diagram is so strange.
Ok, fine, Vanilla Ice is not actually on the phase diagram. Water's real phase diagram looks more like this—with roman numerals thrown all over the place.
Ice Ih dominates the space below 1 kilobar of pressure (almost 1,000 times the atmospheric pressure at sea level) and between freezing and -328 Fahrenheit. But move out of those frigid boundaries, and things start to get weird. Ice can exist at ridiculously high temperatures (think hundreds of degrees celsius) when it's sufficiently under pressure.
Of the 17 recognized forms of ice, 11 show up on a typical phase diagram. Worthless mac os. IV, IX, XII, XIV, XVI, and XVII are weird cases. (For Vonnegut fans, no, ice IX will not freeze all water on Earth.) The first four are all metastable in other phases, meaning that they can exist briefly in the domains of other ice structures—so long as they are undisturbed. But change their temperature and pressure, and you can make them shift into another, more stable phase. Ice XVI and XVII were experimentally formed by stretching out ice in really low-pressure environments, leaving tiny molecular cages in between the frozen water molecules.
You're not likely to ever encounter these forms of ice in your life. But isn't it cool to know they're out there?
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Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard was billed as primarily under-the-hood changes to OS X 10.5 Leopard, but it was much more significant than that.
Snow Leopard was announced at the June 2008 Worldwide Developer Conference (WWDC) and released on August 28, 2009.
For the first time since Mac OS 8.5 was released in October 1998, Apple left behind an entire processor architecture. In 1998, it left behind Motorola 680×0 CPUs in favor of PowerPC (the first PPC Macs hawered been introduced in March 1994). With OS X 10.6, Apple left behind PowerPC CPUs in favor of Intel (the first Intel Macs were introduced in January 2006).
Snow Leopard is not impacted by the 'goto fail' bug discovered in early 2014.
Big Changes with 10.6Snow Leopard is smaller than Leopard. By removing PowerPC and other unnecessary legacy code, Apple greatly reduced the drive space needed by the operating system. It takes up about half as much space and thus will install about twice as quickly as Leopard. That said, it makes more demands of your hardware, so a Mac that runs Leopard comfortably with 1 GB of memory may feel very sluggish with Snow Leopard once you have more than a couple apps running. We strongly recommend at least 2 GB of memory.
Grand Central Dispatch (GCD) means that the entire operating system is designed to take advantage of multiple cores, whether on one chip or more than one. Process threads, which were handled by apps in the past, are now handled by the OS with new programs designed to use GCD. GCD will assign only as many threads to an app as it currently needs, which makes for better use of resources.
Full 64-bit support means programs will no longer be limited to 4 GB of RAM; the new maximum (16 exabytes) is meaningless, as no computer in the forseeable future will be able to hold billions of gigabytes of memory. Both the OS and almost all 'system applications' (Finder, Safari, Mail, iChat, iCal, etc.) are ready for 64-bit operation. And Snow Leopard is completely backwards-compatible with 32-bit apps. First generation Intel Macs designed around Intel Core Solo and Core Duo chips do not support 64-bit operation; all Macs since then do.
OpenCL takes advantage of powerful modern graphic processing units (GPUs, a.k.a. 'video cards') for more than displaying video. All of that processing power will also be available for general purpose computing.
QuickTime X introduced a new QuickTime player and will take full advantage of Core Audio, Core Video, and Core Animation. It can record audio and video using your Mac's built-in microphone and webcam, and it can trim and export for iPod, iPhone, Apple TV, YouTube, and MobileMe so you don't need to worry about which codec to use. QuickTime X supports HTTP live streaming, which can adjust quality on the fly based on available network bandwidth. Of course it takes advantage of GCD and 64-bit operation.
Exchange Support is built right into the OS. Mail, iCal, and Address Book will work with Microsoft Exchange Server 2007. This may explain why Microsoft finally brought Outlook to the Mac with Office 2010. So long, Outlook.
The Finder has been completely rewritten to support 64-bit operation and take advantage of Grand Central Dispatch. This makes the Finder much more responsive.
For the first time, the Services menu is contextual: You will only see the services available to the current app. (Until now, half or more of the Services might be grayed out because they don't work with your current program.)
Exposé can work in the Dock – click and hold an application icon and it will display that app's active documents in a grid. Apple claims this will make it 'even easier to find what you're looking for.'
Time Machine backups are up to 50% faster, according to Apple. This will be especially helpful for that first, long, full backup.
Macs shut down and wake up more quickly, and joining a WiFi network is also faster. This makes for more energy efficient file sharing – your sleeping Mac uses less energy and wakes more quickly to serve up files.
If you travel with you're Mac, you'll appreciate automatic time zone settings.
The ‘Wake on Demand' feature may keep your Mac from staying asleep. The fix is to reset the Energy Saver settings to their defaults, then put in your own settings.
Things Lost with 10.6There is no support for LocalTalk/AppleTalk in Snow Leopard. You'll need to find another way to connect those old printers.
There is no longer any support for Palm OS devices in iSync. The Missing Sync (commercial software) does support Palm devices.
Snow Leopard ignores creator codes when launching documents, something every Mac OS prior to 10.6 has supported – it's been part of the Mac OS since the beginning.
There is no write support for HFS+ volumes (floppies, hard drives, etc.)
Snow Leopard was replaced with OS X 10.7 Lion on July 20, 2011 after just 11 months at the helm.
Last Supported SoftwareAs OS X has moved forward, more and more software has dropped support for Snow Leopard.
From AppleFrom Other VendorsMinimum Hardware RequirementsIntel-based Mac
1 GB of RAM, although 2 GB is strongly recommended
5 GB of available drive space
DVD-compatible optical drive
Grand Central Dispatch requires a dual-core CPU
64-bit support requires a Core 2 or newer CPU
OpenCL is compatible with all current Macs. It is not compatible with:iMacs released before March 2009
Mac mini released before March 2009
MacBook released before October 2008
MacBook Pro released before June 2007
Mac Pro released before January 2008 (Jan. 2008 and later models with unsupported video cards can used the discontinued GeForce 8800 upgrade kit – Apple part no. MB137Z/A – for OpenCL support. The GeForce GT 120 retails for $149, is designed to work with the 2009 Mac Pro and has been reported to work with the 2008 model as well.)
Further ReadingNew iMacs and MacBooks soon?, Blu-ray on Macs, looking back at Lisa and Mac Plus, and more, Mac News Review, 09.25. Also Snow Leopard sales data, using FreeHand and AppleWorks with Snow Leopard, affordable Pentax K-x DSLR even comes in red, and more.
Cheap USB 2 CardBus solution, OS 9 and Kanga, mobile Mac value, and more, Charles W Moore, Miscellaneous Ramblings, 2009.09.09. Also a look at several options for using an old LocalTalk printer with a Mac running Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard.
100 apps incompatible with ‘Snow Leopard', Mac mini and SuperDrive firmware updates, and more, Mac News Review, 2009.09.04. Also August market share changes, retrieving a stuck disc, anti-malware in Snow Leopard, USB 3.0 certification begins, and more.
Wake on demand in Snow Leopard, extended repair policy for MacBook Air hinges, big drives, and more, The ‘Book Review, 2009.09.04. Also Windows 7 great on a MacBook Pro, gScreen preparing dual display notebook, free OS X 10.6 deal from QuickerTek, bargain ‘Books from $179 to $2,294, and more.
Downloadable UpdatesStandalone Updates let you update to a newer version of Mac OS X from your hard drive instead of using Software Update, which requires an Internet connection. Download the one(s) you need and install them after mounting the disk image and launching the Installer program.
There are two types of Standalone Updates: Individual (or Delta) and Combo.
Individual Updates update one version of Mac OS X to the next version. For example, the Mac OS X 10.6.4 Update updates Mac OS X 10.6.3 to version 10.6.4. Individual Updates are also known as Delta Updates.
Combo Updates update the base version of a Mac OS X release to the version specified in the Combo Update, including all intermediate updates. For example, the Mac OS X 10.6.4 Combo Update updates any earlier version of Mac OS X 10.6 to Mac OS X 10.6.4 using a single installer, as opposed to installing the individual Mac OS X 10.6.1, 10.6.2, 10.6.3, and 10.6.4 updates.
Standalone Updates are generally available 24 to 48 hours after the Update is available through Software Update.
If you burn a Standalone Update to CD, its disk image must be copied to your desktop or another location on your Mac OS X startup disk in order to be installed.
This page will be updated as new Standalone Updates become available.
Mac OS X 10.6.1Mac OS X 10.6.2Mac OS X 10.6.3Mac OS X 10.6.4Mac OS X 10.6.5Mac OS X 10.6.6Of Ice & Snow Mac Os CatalinaVersion 10.6.6 introduced the Mac App Store.
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